Tom Brody (1969)
One of our fellow Vikings (A.F.) stated that the article that I cited has nothing to do with vaccines. This is not correct. The article that I cited was Shankar, Joshi, and Pathak (2018). Only the abstract is available on the internet (the article itself requires payment). The abstract states that, "As a result several promising molecules do not reach the target site and fail to produce in vivo response. Nevertheless, lipid nanoparticles (LNP) are taken up readily by the brain because of their lipophilic nature. The bioacceptable and biodegradable nature of lipid nanoparticles (LNP) makes them less toxic and suited for brain targeting." When taken in the context of other articles on the same topic, it becomes self-evident that the Shankar, Joshi, and Pathak is "right-on-the-money," as far as vaccines are concerned. I spent an hour finding other articles that, when taken together, can be woven into a story about LNPs being used as vaccines that enter the brain. I was not able to find an article disclosing the exact same story that A.F. wanted. But the separate chapters of the story exist. (1) Covid virus can enter the brain. This is the starting chapter of the story that A.F. wants. I based this statement on, "surface proteins that facilitate SARS-COV-2 binding and entry . . . allowing SARS-COV-2 to spread within the body . . . including the brain" (see, Tsai, Guo, Atai, Gould (2020) mRNA Delivery for SARS-COV-2 Vaccination). What this means is that it makes sense to deliver anti-covid vaccines to the brain, because the brain does in fact get infected with covid; (2) I needed to learn these vocabulary words and abbreviations. First of all, SARS-COV-2 is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. The abbreviation "CoV" means "coronavirus." The abbreviation "COVID-19" means, "coronavirus disease 2019." (3) Cullis and Hope (2017) Molecular Therapies. 25:1467, states that, "progress made to extend LNP technology to mRNA . . . for vaccine applications is summarized." Cullis and Hope state that LNP's are easier to work with than other vectors (vectors, such as viruses) for delivering drugs into the brain, because LNPs have less side effects. The Cullis and Hope article is one of the chapters of the story that provides a complete answer to fellow Viking (A.F.) (4) Another chapter that is needed to tell the complete story about LNP vaccines comes from Xu, Yang, Li (2020. Int. J. Mol. Sci., Vol. 21, page 6582. The article states that after injecting the mRNA into a patient, it encodes antigens. These antigens can stimulate the immune system. The paper says, "mRNA vaccines can express . . . proteins efficiently because of their expression in the cytoplasm, without need to enter the nucleus." FOOTNOTE: A year ago, I told myself that one of my main goals in life is to be influenced by other people. That is what is happening right now. Thx, fellow Vikings.
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